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## descriptive title for the tutorial
## title = Time travel with tf (C++)
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## description = This tutorial teaches you about advanced time travel features of tf
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{{{#!wiki caution
tf is deprecated in favor of [[tf2]]. [[tf2]] provides a superset of the functionality of tf and is actually now the implementation under the hood. If you're just learning now it's strongly recommended to use the [[tf2/Tutorials]] instead.
}}}

<<TableOfContents(4)>>

In the [[tf/Tutorials/tf and Time (C++)|previous tutorial]] we discussed the basic concept of tf and time. This tutorial will take this one step further, and expose one of the most powerful tf tricks.

== Time travel ==
So let's go back to where we ended in the [[tf/Tutorials/tf and Time (C++)|previous tutorial]]. Go to your package for the tutorial:

{{{
  $ roscd learning_tf
}}}
and open the file '''`src/turtle_tf_listener.cpp`'''. Take a look at lines 25-30:
{{{
  try{
    ros::Time now = ros::Time::now();
    listener.waitForTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1",
                              now, ros::Duration(1.0));
    listener.lookupTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1",
                             now, transform);
}}}
Now, instead of making the second turtle go to where the first turtle is '''now''', make the second turtle go to where the first turtle was '''5 seconds ago''':

{{{
  try{
    ros::Time past = ros::Time::now() - ros::Duration(5.0);
    listener.waitForTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1",
                              past, ros::Duration(1.0));
    listener.lookupTransform("/turtle2", "/turtle1",
                             past, transform);
}}}
##explainstart
So now, if you would run this, what would you expect to see? Definitely during the first 5 seconds the second turtle would not know where to go, because we do not yet have a 5 second history of the first turtle. But what after these 5 seconds? Let's just give it a try:

{{{
  $ make  or  catkin_make
  $ roslaunch learning_tf start_demo.launch
}}}

 {{attachment:random.png}}

Is your turtle driving around uncontrollably like in this screenshot? So what is happening? 

 * We asked tf, ''"What was the pose of `/turtle1` 5 seconds ago, relative to `/turtle2` 5 seconds ago?"''. This means we are controlling the second turtle based on where it was 5 seconds ago as well as where the first turtle was 5 seconds ago. 

 * What we really want to ask is, ''"What was the pose of `/turtle1` 5 seconds ago, relative to the current position of the `/turtle2`?"''.

== Advanced API for lookupTransform ==
So how can we ask tf a question like that? This API gives us the power to say explicitly when each frame is transformed. This is what the code would look like:
##explainend
{{{
  try{
    ros::Time now = ros::Time::now();
    ros::Time past = now - ros::Duration(5.0);
    listener.waitForTransform("/turtle2", now,
                              "/turtle1", past,
                              "/world", ros::Duration(1.0));
    listener.lookupTransform("/turtle2", now,
                             "/turtle1", past,
                             "/world", transform);
}}}
##advancestart
The advanced API for `lookupTransform()` takes six arguments:

 1. Give the transform from this frame,
 1. at this time ...
 1. ... to this frame,
 1. at this time.
 1. Specify the frame that does not change over time, in this case the "/world" frame, and
 1. the variable to store the result in.

Notice that `waitForTransform()` also has a basic and and advanced API, just like `lookupTransform()`.

 {{attachment:time_travel.png||height="239",width="451"}}

This figure shows what tf is doing in the background. In the past it computes the transform from the first turtle to the world. In the world frame tf time travels from the past to now. And at time now tf computes the transform from the world to the second turtle.

== Checking the results ==
Let's run the simulator again, this time with the advanced time-travel API:
##advancedend
{{{
  $ make  or catkin_make
  $ roslaunch learning_tf start_demo.launch
}}}
And yes, the second turtle is directed to where the first turtle was 5 seconds ago!

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